Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality

Virtual Reality(VR)

Figure 1(Virtual Reality)

• Virtual reality is real but not actual. Virtual reality takes you into new world while you are in your own surroundings. You will feel that you are at a new place while actually you are not at that place. 
• Virtual Reality places the user in another location entirely. Whether that location is computer generated or a video captured, it entirely exclude the user natural surroundings.
• In virtual reality you wear a headset which block your real world view and take you into a substitute digital world which is designed to fool your senses. So virtual reality plays with your senses and you feel that you are in a new world.
• One can understand the working of Virtual Reality by understanding the concept of google cardboard. In google cardboard you have two lenses and when you insert your phone in it the screen is divided into two parts and a 3D effect is created so when you move your head left or right you feel that you are moving your head in the world which is on your phone.

         

Figure 2( Google Cardboard)

• Virtual reality also work like the google card board. You load a 3D or VR content into your headset and when you wear it you will feel like that you are in the world which you just loaded into your VR headset device.
• For Example if you wear a VR headset which is loaded with the VR or 3D content of Eiffel tower then you will feel that you are actually present near the Eiffel  tower and you can see toward your left and right in that surroundings when you move your head and when you move your head up you will feel that you are looking toward the top of Eiffel tower.
• Virtual Reality is cheap and easily accessible as compared to Augmented Reality.
• With virtual reality you can watch 360 degree videos and you feel that you are in the world of the video.
• Virtual reality is also emerging in 3D games. For example  3D games like modern combat and Dead trigger can be played with virtual reality headset and you feel that you are present in the world of the game.
• Another application of Virtual Reality is 3D maps. Using VR tools you can use 3D maps.
• Top VR devices are Oculus Rift, Sony PlayStation VR, HTC Vive, Samsung Gear VR, Lenovo Mirage Solo etc.

Augmented Reality(AR)

Figure 3 Augmented Reality ( Real World with digital object of plane )

• Augmented means to add or increase something.
• So Augmented Reality create digital content into your real world and you does not feel that you are in a new world. Augmented Reality enhance or increase the content into your real world surroundings.
• In Augmented Reality you don't need to wear a complete headset. So your real world view in not blocked.
• Augmented Reality let you view your real surroundings and the digital content without interfering your real world view.
• Augmented Reality tools analyze your real world and then enhance your view by adding more content in your real world view.
• Augmented Reality have a great future in gaming. Microsoft Holo Lens is a device which might be quite useful in near future gaming.

                                     

                                 Figure 4 (Microsoft Holo Lens)

• If you ever use SnapChat new lens filters then you are already a user of  Augmented Reality. Many furniture apps use AR to give users a view of how the furniture will fit at their place. These types of apps are quite useful in managing your house space as you can see the digital content from each side. 
• Augmented Reality will revolutionize the world. We will see a high use of Augmented Reality  after 2025 because it is a new technology and a lot of work is still required to be done to make this technology available for the commercial uses.
• Top AR devices are Microsoft Holo Lens, Magic Leap Lightwear, Epson Moverio, Google Glass, Vuzix Blade AR.

Figure 5 (Google Glass)

Ohm's Law

What is Ohms Law? 

• Ohms law states that current flowing through a conductor and voltage is directly proportional with each other given that resistance of the conductor or circuit remains constant. 

V = I R

I = V / R 

          Where R is resistance of the circuit and it is a constant.

    Figure 1(Ohms Law Circuit Proteus)

Resistance:

• Resistance is the property of a conductor to oppose the flow of current through it.

R =  V / I 

•  Resistance is measured in Ohms(Ω).

• A component has a resistance of one ohm if a potential difference of one volt produce a current of one ampere through the component.

Current:

• Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. 

I =  Q / T

          where q is charge and t denotes time.

• Current is measured in Amperes(A).

• One ampere is equal to one coulomb of charge flowing through a point in every one second. 

1 A = 1 Coulomb / 1 second

Voltage:

• Voltage is defined as the electromotive force or potential difference between two points.

V = I R

• It is measured in volts(V).

• One volt is equal to 1 ampere of a current passing through a conductor with resistance of one ohm. 

Bluetooth Controlled Robotic Arm

Robotic Arm

• Problem Statement:

Without risking human life or limb, robots can replace humans in some hazardous duty service. Take for example bomb disposal. Robots are used in many bomb disposal squads across the nation. Typically, these robots resemble small armored tanks and are guided remotely by a person using a wireless medium of communication. Robotic arms can grab a suspected bomb and place it in an explosion-proof safe box for detonation and/or disposal.

Similar robots can help clean up toxic wastes. Robots can work in all types of polluted environments, chemical as well as nuclear. They can work in environments so hazardous that an unprotected human would quickly die. The nuclear industry was the first to develop and use robotic arms for handling radioactive materials. Robotic arms allowed scientists to be located in clean, safe rooms operating controls for the robotic arms located in radioactive rooms.

• Aims and Objectives:

Following are the objectives of this project:

• To control the movement of the vehicle having the robotic arm through an android platform and Bluetooth.
• To control the movement of the robotic arm wireless through Bluetooth from an android device.
• To make arm capable of lifting an object from one place and placing it on another place.

• Literature Review:

A wireless control vehicle is an electrical vehicle which is powered by a 12 V DC battery or power supply. It uses motors for movement. These motors are usually gear DC motors. We control the speed and direction of these motors to move the vehicle forward, backward, left and right.

A robotic arm is a type of mechanical arm which is controlled electrically using motors. In robotic arm structures a small scale we usually use servo motors for precise movement at different angles. To grip an object, we also use servo motors for movement and gripping and object.

We use a Bluetooth module for wireless communication. This module takes commands which are sent from an android device through a specific application. Then we write a program and implement it through micro controllers. In the program we specify the tasks for each command received through Bluetooth device. For example, the speed and directions of motors etc. In this project we will control the direction and speed of the servo motors through the Bluetooth module.

A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. Servo motors are used for movement with precise accuracy. A servomotor is a closed-loop servomechanism that uses position feedback to control its motion and final position. The input to its control is a signal (either analogue or digital) representing the position commanded for the output shaft.

• Experimental Setup:

Figure 1(Experimental Setup for Android controlled Robotic Arm)